Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant steel yog hais txog hlau nrog kub oxidation tsis kam thiab kub siab zog. Kev kub siab oxidation kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias lub workpiece ua hauj lwm rau lub sij hawm ntev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw oxidizing xws li huab cua kub, oxygen reacts chemically nrog steel nto los tsim ntau yam hlau oxide txheej. Cov oxide txheej yog xoob heev, poob cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau, thiab yooj yim rau poob. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov kub-kub oxidation tsis kam ntawm cov hlau, cov ntsiab lus alloying tau ntxiv rau cov hlau los hloov cov qauv oxide. Feem ntau siv alloying ntsiab yog chromium, nickel, chromium, silicon, txhuas thiab lwm yam. Qhov kub oxidation tsis kam ntawm hlau tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Kev kub siab lub zog yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlau kom txhawb nqa cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Muaj ob lub ntsiab los ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv mechanical load ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Ib qho yog softening, uas yog, lub zog txo nrog nce kub. Qhov thib ob yog creep, uas yog, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov kev ntxhov siab tas li, tus nqi ntawm cov yas deformation maj mam nce nrog lub sijhawm. Cov yas deformation ntawm cov hlau kub kub yog tshwm sim los ntawm intragranular plam thiab lis ciam teb. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov kub siab zog ntawm cov hlau, cov txheej txheem alloying feem ntau yog siv. Ntawd yog, cov ntsiab lus alloying tau ntxiv rau cov hlau los txhim kho lub zog sib txuas ntawm cov atoms thiab tsim cov qauv zoo. Ntxiv chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, thiab lwm yam., tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau matrix, ua kom qhov kub thiab txias recrystallization, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tsim cov theem carbides los yog intermetallic compounds, xws li Cr23C6, VC, TiC, thiab lwm yam. ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tsis yaj, tsis sib sau ua ke kom loj hlob, thiab tswj lawv cov hardness. Nickel yog ntxiv feem ntau kom tau txaisaustenite. Cov atoms nyob rau hauv austenite yog teem nruj dua ferrite, lub zog sib txuas ntawm atoms muaj zog dua, thiab diffusion ntawm atoms nyuaj dua. Yog li ntawd, qhov kub thiab txias zog ntawm austenite zoo dua. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias qhov kub-txias lub zog ntawm cov cua sov-resistant steel tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis kuj muaj feem xyuam rau microstructure.
High-alloy kub-resistanthlau castingsyog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm qhov chaw ua hauj lwm kub tshaj 650 ℃. Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant steel castings xa mus rau cov hlau uas ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tshav kub-resistant steel castings yog ze ze rau kev kawm txuj ci ntawm ntau yam kev lag luam sectors xws li chaw nres tsheb fais fab, boilers, roj turbines, internal combustion engines, thiab aero engines. Vim tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias siv los ntawm ntau lub tshuab thiab cov cuab yeej siv, nrog rau qhov chaw sib txawv, cov hom hlau siv kuj sib txawv.
Qib sib npaug ntawm Stainless Hlau | |||||||||
| Pawg | AISI | W-stoff | DIN | BS | SS | AFNOR | UNE / IHA | JIS | UNI |
| Martensitic thiab Ferritic Stainless Hlau | 420c ua | 1, 4034 ib | X43Cr16 | ||||||
| 440 IB/1 | 1, 4112 ib | X90 Cr Mo V18 | |||||||
| - | 1.208 3 | Txc42 13 | - | 2314 ib | Txe40 C 14 | F.5263 | SUS 420 J1 | - | |
| 403 | 1.4000 Nws | X6Cr13 | 403 Ib. 17 | 2301 ib | Txa6 C 13 | F.3110 | TIAB SA 403 | X6Cr13 | |
| (410S) | 1.4001 Nws | Txc7 14 | (403 S17) | 2301 ib | Txe8 C 13 | F.3110 | SUS 410 S | X6Cr13 | |
| 405 | 1.400 2 | X6 CrAl 13 | 405 Ib. 17 | - | Z8 CA 12 | F.3111 | TIAB SA 405 | X6 CrAl 13 | |
| 416 | 1.4005 Nws | X12 CrS 13 | 416 AWV 21 | 2380 ua | Z11 CF 13 | F.3411 | TIAB SA 416 | X12CrS13 | |
| 410 | 1.400 6 | X 10 Cr 13 | 410 S21 | 2302 ib | Z10 C 14 | F.3401 | SIB 410 | X12Cr13 | |
| 430 | 1.4016 | Txc6 17 | 430, HWV 17 | 23 20 | Txa8 C 17 | F.3113 | SIB 430 | X8Cr17 | |
| 420 | 1.4021 | X20 Cr 13 | 420 Ib. 37 | 2303 ib | Z 20 C 13 | F.3402 | SUS 420 J1 | X20Cr13 | |
| 420f ua | 1.4028 ib | Tx30 13 | 420 Ib. 45 | (2304) | Txe30 C 13 | F.3403 | SUS 420 J2 | X30Cr13 | |
| (420) | 1.4031 | X39Cr13 | 420 Ib. 45 | (2304) | Txe40 C 14 | F.3404 | (SUS 420 J1) | - | |
| 431 ib | 1.4057 Nws | X20 CrNi 17 2 | 431 s29 ib | 2321 ib | Z 15 16.02 | F.3427 | TIAB SA 431 | X16CrNi16 | |
| 430f ua | 1.4104 ib | X12 CrMoS 17 | - | ib 2383 | Z10 CF 17 | F.3117 | SUS 430 F | X10CrS17 | |
| 434 ib | 1.411 3 | X6 CrMo 17 | 434 S 17 | 23 25 | Z8 CD 17.01 | - | TIAB SA 434 | X8CrMo17 | |
| 4 30 Ti | 1.4510 Nws | Tx6 CrTi 17 | - | - | Txe4 CT 17 | - | SUS 430 LX | X6CrTi17 | |
| 409 ib | 1.4512 ib | Tx5 CrTi 12 | 409 Ib. 17 | - | Zc6 CT 12 | - | TIAB SA 409 | X6CrTi12 | |
| Austenitic Stainless hlau | 304 | 1.4301 ib | Tx5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S 15 | 2332 ib | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | TIAB SA 304 | X5CrNi18 10 |
| 305 | 1.4303 ib | Tx5 CrNi 18 12 | 305 Ib. 19 | - | Z 8 CN 18.12 | - | SIB 305 | Tx8CrNi19 10 | |
| 303 | 1.4305 Nws | X12 CrNiS 18 8 | 303 Ib. 21 | 2346 ib | Z 10 CNF 18.09 | F.3508 | TIAB SA 303 | X10CrNiS 18 09 | |
| 304l ua | 1.4306 ib | X2 CrNiS 18 9 | 304 S 12 | 2352 ib | Z 2 CN 18.10 | F.3503 | SUS 304 L | X2CrNi18 11 | |
| 301 | 1.4310 Nws | X12 CrNi 17 7 | - | 2331 ib | Z 12 CN 17.07 | F.3517 | TIAB SA 301 | X12CrNi17 07 | |
| 304 | 1.4350 Nws | Tx5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 Ib. 31 | 2332 ib | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | TIAB SA 304 | X5CrNi18 10 | |
| 304 | 1.4350 Nws | Tx5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 Ib. 31 | ib 2333 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | TIAB SA 304 | X5CrNi18 10 | |
| 304 LN ib | 1.4311 ib | X2 CrNiN 18 10 | 304s62 ib | 2371 ib | Z 2 CN 18.10 | - | SUS 304 LN | - | |
| 316 | 1.4401 Nws | X5 CrNiMo 18 10 | 316 Ib. 16 | 2347 ib | Z 6 NPO 17.11 | F.3543 | TIAB SA 316 | X5CrNiMo17 12 | |
| 316l ua | 1.4404 ib | - | 316 S 12/13/14/22/24/24/12/13/12/13/14/22/24/ 12/13/14/22/24 | 2348 ib | Z 2 CND 17.13 | SUS 316L | X2CrNiMo17 12 | ||
| 316 LN ib | 1.4429 ib | X2 CrNiMoN 18 13 | - | 2375 ib | Z 2 CND 17.13 | - | SUS 316 LN | - | |
| 316l ua | 1.4435 ib | X2 CrNiMo 18 12 | 316 S 12/13/14/22/24/24/12/13/12/13/14/22/24/ 12/13/14/22/24 | 2353 ua | Z 2 CND 17.13 | - | SUS 316L | X2CrNiMo17 12 | |
| 316 | 1.4436 ib | - | 316 Ib. 33 | 2343 ib | Z 6 CND18-12-03 | - | - | X8CrNiMo 17 13 | |
| 317l ua | 1.4438 ib | X2 CrNiMo 18 16 | 317 Ib. 12 | 2367 ib | Z 2 CND 19.15 | - | SIB 317 L | X2CrNiMo18 16 | |
| 329 | 1.4460 Nws | X3 CrNiMoN 27 5 2 | - | 2324 ib | Z5 CND 27.05.Az | F.3309 | TIAB SA 329 J1 | - | |
| 321 | 1.4541 ib | X10 CrNiTi 18 9 | 321 Ib. 12 | 2337 ib | Z 6 NPO 18.10 | F.3553 | TIAB SA 321 | X6CrNiTi18 11 | |
| 347 ib | 1.4550 Nws | X10 CrNiNb 18 9 | 347 Ib. 17 | ib 2338 | Z 6 CNNb 18.10 | F.3552 | TIAB SA 347 | X6CrNiNb18 11 | |
| 316 Ti | 1.4571 ib | X10 CrNiMoTi 18 10 | 320 Ib. 17 | 2350 | Z 6 CNDT 17.12 | F.3535 | - | X6CrNiMoTi 17 12 | |
| 309 | 1.4828 ib | X15 CrNiSi 20 12 | 309 Ib. 24 | - | Z 15 ZOS 20.12 | - | TIAB SA 309 | X16 CrNi 24 14 | |
| 330 | 1.4864 ib | X12 NiCrSi 36 16 | - | - | Z 12 NCS 35.16 | - | TIAB SA 330 | - | |
| Duplex Stainless hlau | S32750 | 1.4410 Nws | X 2 CrNiMoN 25 7 4 | - | 2328 ib | Z3 CND 25.06 Az | - | - | - |
| S31500 Nws | 1.4417 ib | X 2 CrNiMoSi 19 5 | - | 2376 ib | Z2 ZIB 18.05.03 | - | - | - | |
| S31803 | 1.4462 ib | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3 | - | 2377 ib | Z 3 CND 22.05 (Az) | - | - | - | |
| wb 32760 | 1.4501 Nws | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | - | - | Z 3 CND 25.06 Az | - | - | - | |
| 630 | 1.4542 ib | X5CrNiCNb16-4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| A564/630 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Cov qauv ntawm cov cua sov-resistant cam khwb cia hlau nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws
1) Suav Standard
GB / T 8492-2002 "Technical Conditions for Heat-Resistant Steel Castings" qhia cov qib thiab chav ntsuas kub ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau yam kub-resistant cam khwb cia hlau.
2) European Standard
TS EN 10295-2002 Cov qauv ntsuas kub-resistant cam khwb cia hlau muaj xws li austenitic heat-resistant stainless hlau, ferritic tshav kub-resistant stainless hlau thiab austenitic-ferritic duplex tshav kub-resistant stainless hlau, nrog rau cov nickel-based alloys thiab cobalt-based alloys.
3) American Standards
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg tau teev tseg hauv ANSI / ASTM 297-2008 "General Industrial Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel Heat-resistant Steel Castings" yog lub hauv paus rau kev lees paub, thiab kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm tsuas yog nqa tawm thaum tus neeg yuav khoom thov nws ntawm lub sijhawm xaj. Lwm cov qauv hauv Asmeskas muaj xws li ASTM A447 / A447M-2003 thiab ASTM A560 / 560M-2005.
4) German Standard
Nyob rau hauv DIN 17465 "Technical Conditions for Heat-Resistant Steel Castings", cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, txhua yam khoom nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, thiab high-temperature mechanical zog ntawm ntau yam kub-resistant cam khwb cia hlau qib yog cais.
5) Japanese Standard
Cov qib hauv JISG5122-2003 "Heat-resistant Steel Castings" yog qhov zoo ib yam li American Standard ASTM.
6) Lavxias teb sab Standard
Muaj 19 qhov kub-resistant cam khwb cia hlau qib tau teev tseg hauv GOST 977-1988, suav nrog cov nruab nrab-chromium thiab high-chromium kub-resistant steels.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm cov cua sov-resistant steel
Muaj ntau ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub neej kev pabcuam ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov. Cov teebmeem no tau tshwm sim hauv kev txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov qauv, tiv thaiv oxidation, tsim thiab stabilizing austenite, thiab tiv thaiv corrosion. Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, uas yog cov kab hauv cov hlau uas tiv taus cua sov, tuaj yeem txhim kho cov oxidation tsis kam ntawm cov hlau thiab hloov cov thermoplasticity. Cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov thiab cov alloys feem ntau xaiv cov hlau thiab alloys nrog lub siab melting point, siab tus kheej diffusion activation zog los yog tsawg stacking txhaum lub zog. Ntau yam kub-resistant steels thiab high-temperature alloys muaj siab heev yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub smelting txheej txheem, vim hais tias lub xub ntiag ntawm inclusions los yog tej yam metallurgical tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv cov hlau yuav txo tau lub endurance zog txwv ntawm cov khoom.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis xws li kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov
Rau cov khoom siv hlau, kev siv cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov sib txawv yuav cuam tshuam rau cov qauv thiab cov qoob loo loj, yog li hloov cov qib nyuaj ntawm kev ua kom thermal. Nyob rau hauv kev tsom xam ntawm casting tsis ua hauj lwm, muaj ntau yam uas ua rau tsis ua hauj lwm, feem ntau thermal qaug zog ua rau tawg pib thiab kev loj hlob. Raws li txoj cai, muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau kev pib thiab nthuav tawm ntawm cov kab nrib pleb. Ntawm lawv, cov ntsiab lus sulfur yog qhov tseem ceeb heev vim tias cov kab nrib pleb feem ntau txhim kho nrog sulfides. Cov ntsiab lus sulfur yog cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab lawv cov smelting. Rau cov castings uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug tiv thaiv cua ntawm hydrogen, yog hais tias hydrogen sulfide muaj nyob rau hauv hydrogen, lub castings yuav sulphurized. Qhov thib ob, qhov txaus ntawm kev kho cov tshuaj yuav cuam tshuam rau lub zog thiab toughness ntawm casting.
